A a
a dull or deadened sound, made by striking any soft object, or the ground๐“„๐“๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ท 2
acrid smell (such as armpit odor or onion smell)๐“’๐’ฐอ˜๐“’๐’ป 2
act of hearing, understanding, paying attention, heeding advice๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐“๐“Ž๐“Š๐’ท 3
activate by pushing on๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ป 2unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1
administer medical care to someone๐“‡๐“Š๐’ท๐“๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of-๐“๐’ท
alcohol
along a path toward where you (the hearer) are or toward something or someone closer to you (the hearer) than to the speaker๐“‡๐’ท ๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ท2๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ1
animal's tail, part of Osage dance costume๐“†๐’ปอ˜๐“Š๐’ท 2
any item worn like a blanket or robe๐“€๐’ปอ˜3 4
any kind of bread whether corn or wheat, in any shape or size๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐“Ž๐’ท 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-3๐“Š๐“Ž๐“Š๐’ท
approximately half a container๐’น๐’ท๐“„๐’ท 2
arrive back here (action completed)
arrive back there (action completed)
as a means of or to๐’ป-1 3
ask or tell someone to do something๐’ท1 2
aspirin, or any other kind of medicine๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ฐ1 2
assign a name to something or someone๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท2 6unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-1
aunt (mother's older sister)*๐’น๐“‚อ˜ 2
aunt (mother's older sister) (his/her)๐’ป๐’น๐“‚อ˜ 4unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’น๐“‚อ˜
aunt (mother's sister) (my)๐’ป๐“๐’ฐอ˜ 2
B b
back (of a human or animal's body)๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ฐ1 1
badger
bark, moo, quack, etc.๐’น๐“‚1 2
bathroom, toilet room, john, water closet, outhouse๐“‚๐““๐’ท๐“Š๐’ปunspec. comp. form of๐“‚-๐““๐’ท1๐“Š๐’ป1
be (a certain way)๐“๐’ปอ˜1 2
be around, especially in a bothersome way๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐“๐’ท 4
be arrayed around, as when making a path around๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐“๐’ท 11
be characterized by [the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase]๐“๐’ปอ˜1 5
be hanging (on the back of or behind something else)๐“‚๐“๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ 6
be in good health๐“๐’ป4 2
be sick from๐“‚อ˜1 3
be well or all right๐“๐’ป4 1
beans
bend one's limb or body part (e.g., leg or arm)๐“๐“Ž๐“‡๐“‚อ˜ 1unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
bent over (as a person, a tree, or a hooked staff)๐“Š'๐’ปอ˜๐“‡๐’ฐ 3
blanket (bed blanket or Pendleton-type wool blanket for wearing)๐’น๐’ฐ๐“๐’ปอ˜
blow with force (as in blowing one's nose)๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐““๐’ป 5unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-
branching out, as the separate claws on a foot๐“๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ฐ 4
break off, break by striking (a long object, such as a stick)๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“๐“‚อ˜ 1unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-๐“๐“‚อ˜
brother (baby, of a female) (said to be used by a woman to refer to her youngest brother or to her youngest son if she has at least two older sons)๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฑ 2
brother (baby, of a female) (your)๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฑ 4
brother-in-law (husband's brother)*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 1
brother-in-law (husband's sister's brother, of a female) (my)
brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female)*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 3
brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female) (her)๐’ป๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท
brother-in-law (husband's sister's husband, of a female) (your)๐“๐’ป๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท
brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female)*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 2
brother-in-law (sister's husband, of a female) (her)๐’ป๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท
by blowing (as on a fire to get it started, dust from a table top, dandelion fluff into the wind, anything from the palm of the hand)๐“„๐“Ž-1 2
by extreme of temperature๐“ˆ๐’ฐ- 1
by heat or cold๐“ˆ๐’ฐ- 2
by means of cutting or sawing๐“„๐’ฐ-2 1
by means of pushing๐“„๐’ฐ-1 1
by means of sudden intrusive action (e.g., 'by shooting', 'by punching')๐“„๐“‚- 1
by means of the hand๐“๐“Ž-
by means of the mouth๐“๐’ฐ-1
by pressing, smoothing, flattening, rubbing๐“„๐“Ž-1 1
by pushing away or by hand๐“„๐’ฐ-1 2
by pushing or pressing on something (either compacting or spreading it)๐“„๐’ฐ-1 3
by pushing up and away with the hands๐“„๐’ฐ-1 4
by sudden application of force or sudden movement๐’ผ๐’ฐ- 2
by use of a sharp edge๐“„๐’ฐ-2 3
C c
Caddo (tribe or tribal member)๐’น๐’ปอ˜๐“‡๐’ฐ
call on someone's name๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท2 1unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-1
chop or cut with a striking blow (e.g., from a blade, such as an axe or knife)๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“†๐’ท 1unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-*๐“†๐’ท
chop up (e.g., long, thin sticks of wood for a fire)๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“†๐’ท 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-*๐“†๐’ท
circle around (as in a tipi meeting'go clear around', avoiding the center)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐“๐’ท 6
clean, disinfect (e.g., a buffalo hide)๐“๐“Ž๐“๐’ฐ๐“†๐“Ž 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
clear sky, as after a storm๐’ผ๐’ท๐“๐“‚
climb onto (by using the arms)๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท 2
cold (used for inanimates only)๐“๐’ป๐“๐’ป1 1
come back (action underway)
command someone to do something๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐““๐’ป 4unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-
continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 1st singular sitting or lying down subject๐“€๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท
continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 2nd singular sitting subject๐“๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท 1
continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person singular or plural moving or absent subject๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ1 1
continuative aspect postverbal marker (indicating ongoing action or state in present, past, or future time) for 3rd person singular or plural nonmoving subject that is present with speaker๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ1 1
cook, prepare (e.g., food)๐“‚๐’น๐“‚อ˜
cousin (father's sister's daughter)*๐“Š๐’ป๐““๐“‚ 1
cousin (father's sister's daughter) (his/her)๐’ป๐“Š๐’ป๐““๐“‚ 1unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐“Š๐’ป๐““๐“‚
cover (as with cloth or blanket)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“†๐“„๐’ท2 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ฐ-2
cover (for a tipi, sweat house, pillow, etc.)๐“‚๐“๐’ป๐“‡๐’ป 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3
cover with dirt (as a grave)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“†๐“„๐’ท2 4unspec. comp. form of๐’ฐ-2
crooked, bent over (referring to a human body)๐“Š'๐’ปอ˜๐“๐’ฐ
culmination of (a certain action or state)๐“‚- 3
cylindrical, but not necessarily perpendicular๐’ด๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ 15
D d
daughter (fourth and beyond) (his/her)๐’ฐ๐“†๐’ป๐““๐’ปอ˜ 3
daughter (fourth and sebsequent daughters)๐’ฐ๐“†๐’ป๐““๐’ปอ˜ 4
daughter-in-law
daughter-in-law (son's wife)*๐“Š๐’ป๐“๐’ป
difficult, hard to do things with๐“†๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป 7
discard someone or something๐“‚อ˜๐“๐’ฐ 4
disheveled (e.g., having mussed or messed-up hair)๐’น๐’ท๐“๐“„๐’ฐ 5
distributed to each๐“๐’ฐอ˜4
divorce or separate from๐“‚อ˜๐“๐’ท 6
do, engage in (an activity)๐“‚อ˜2
drop something into (e.g., eyedrops into eyes)๐“‚๐“๐’ป๐’ผ'๐’ท
E e
each other (reciprocal)๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2 2
earth division (of the Osage tribe)๐’น๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ฐ 5
eat (in general)
edging (e.g., a fabric or ribbon sewn around the edges of a blanket or garment)๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“๐’ท 2
elders in times past๐“๐“‚อ˜1 10
emanate an odor while being heated (as in cooking/burning, refers to either a good or bad odor)๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐’ด๐’ฐอ˜ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“ˆ๐’ฐ-๐’ด๐’ฐอ˜
emit or exhale an odor๐’ด๐’ฐอ˜ 4
encircle a place or a person (especially in an annoying way)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐“๐’ท 3
enter formally (as into a peyote meeting)๐“‚๐“„๐’ท 2
F f
fan made of feathers or loose feathers (as used in peyote meetings)๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“‡๐’ฐอ˜ 3
fart (with a small noise, by letting the air out slowly)๐“๐’ป๐““๐’ป๐“Š๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3
father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter)*๐’ผ๐“‚ 5
father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 11unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (my)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 12unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
father's cousin (father's mother's brother's daughter) (your)๐“๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 6unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐’ผ๐“‚
feathers of certain kinds of birds (such as eagle, hawk, and macaw)๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“‡๐’ฐอ˜ 2
feel cold (animate subject)๐“๐’ป๐“Š๐’ท 2
field planted for harvest๐“‚๐“๐’ท 4
fit, be suitable or appropriate๐’ป๐“ˆ๐’ฐ1 4unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐“ˆ๐’ฐ
flat, as a chair bottom, the broad surface of a board, etc.๐’ด๐’ฐ๐’ผ'๐’ฐ 2
flat, flattened or mashed (said of a soft object)๐“ˆ๐“‚๐““๐’ท 1
follow (e.g., a path, a person, God's word, a car, or a horse)๐“‚๐“๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ 1
forked or pronged, as antlers๐“๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ฐ 3
fresh corn cut off the cob๐“„๐’ฐ๐“‡๐“„๐“Ž1 2unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1
G g
game bird or other large bird๐“€๐’ป๐“๐’ฐ 3
gather or pick (e.g., fruit)๐“๐“Ž๐“’๐’ท 8unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
give forth a crackling sound, as ice does when thrust at๐“†๐“‚๐“๐’ท 4
give off a fragrance๐’ด๐’ฐอ˜ 3
go back
go down (e.g., the sun when setting)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“„๐“‚ 3
go home
go through or down (as a road)๐“‚๐“„๐“๐’ฐอ˜1 2
grandmother (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 1unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
grasp someone by the scruff of the neck๐“๐’ป๐“†๐’ผ๐’ป1 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3
grease or similar substance (such as shoe polish)๐“๐’ท๐’ฟ๐’ป 3
great aunt (father's mother's sister)*๐’ผ๐“‚ 3
great aunt (father's mother's sister) (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 7unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
great aunt (father's mother's sister) (my)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 8unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
great aunt (father's mother's sister) (your)๐“๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 4unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐’ผ๐“‚
great aunt (mother's mother's sister)*๐’ผ๐“‚ 2
great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 5unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (my)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 6unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
great aunt (mother's mother's sister) (your)๐“๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐’ผ๐“‚
great uncle (mother's father's brother)*๐“Š๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 6
great-grandfather (paternal)*๐“Š๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 5
grow up to adulthood๐“๐“‚อ˜1 2
H h
halt, detain someone who is passing by๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐““๐’ปอ˜ 9
hands of the body that are touched by the attendees when passing by it at a funeral๐“‡๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ท1 11
have as an illness๐“‚อ˜1 2
having a flat surface in the middle, with the edges rounded and curving downward, as a door knob, or the top of a hat (convex objects)๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“‡๐’ผ๐’ฐ
having a flat surface in the middle, with the edges rounded and curving upward, as in a plate or other concave objects๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“๐’ฐ 5
having leaves or leaflike layers๐“๐’ฐ๐“๐’ฐ 3
he/she/it is characterized by, they are characterized by (the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase)๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ1 2
he/she/it is characterized by, they are characterized by [the immediately preceding word or phrase, which may be a noun phrase]๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ1 2
hearts (suit in a deck of cards)๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐“Š๐’ท2 2
here, in this place๐’ผ๐’ฐ 6
him/her/it (closer to the hearer than to the speaker)๐“‡๐’ท2 4
holder (for pourable dry or liquid substances)๐“‚๐““๐“Ž 12
hook something (e.g., clothing or a tree, by using a thrown line)๐’น๐“Ž๐’ผ๐’ฐ 1
horn (e.g., of cow or buffalo)๐’น๐’ท1
hundred
I i
I am characterized by (e.g., I have a certain condition)๐’ด๐’ปอ˜1 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ด-๐“๐’ปอ˜1
in bulk (e.g., a purchase of fruit, coffee, or kerosene)๐’ด๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ 1
in large pieces, not merely pieces of some item but the entire item (cooking)๐’ด๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ 7
in the center of something (centrally located)๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“Š๐’ท 1
inedible red berry that grows in the woods๐“„๐’ฐ๐“’๐“‚1 2
innocence emblem in peace ceremony (a child)๐’น๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ฐ 6
insufficient (said of clothing)๐“Š๐“Ž๐“๐’ฐ 6
Ioway or Iowa Indians (a tribe living in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma and in earlier days in Iowa)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐“‚๐“Š๐’ทunspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ3๐“๐“‚๐“Š๐’ท
isn't it so (expression inserted between phrases, marking pauses, in certain speeches of early to mid-1900s, somewhat like French "n'est-ce pas?" or use of "you know?" by some English speakers๐’น๐’ปอ˜1
J j
K k
keep on with the action of the verb๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐“๐’ฐอ˜ 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐอ˜3
know (e.g., a fact, the answer to a question)๐’ป๐“„๐’ฐ๐’น๐“‚อ˜ 1
know someone as (being a certain way or a certain type of person)๐’ป๐“„๐’ฐ๐’น๐“‚อ˜ 6
L l
lift, hold up (e.g., a picture in front of a group of people in an auditorium)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“‡๐’ป 1unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“‡๐’ป
lift, pick up, hold up, or raise someone or something๐“๐’ป๐’น๐’ฐอ˜unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3*๐’น๐’ฐอ˜
look for or search for something or someone (for one's own purposes, not because it or he/she was previously lost)๐“‚๐“Š๐’ท
lose (something specific or someone specific)๐“‚๐“๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ท 5
'
'lying down' positional article
M m
make a back and forth movement (as when riding a teeter-totter)๐“†๐’ป๐“†๐’ป๐’ฐอ˜๐“๐’ท 2
make a speech or talk๐’ป๐’ท 4
make an animal noise๐’น๐“‚1 3
make an object burst open with a popping sound, by treading or jumping on it๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐“„๐“๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ทunspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐอ˜-๐“„๐“๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ท
make or force someone to do something๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐““๐’ป 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ฐ-
marry (woman marrying a man)
marry, get married to, take as a husband (gender-specific term)๐’ฐ๐“๐“Ž๐“๐’ทunspec. comp. form of๐’ฐ-2๐“๐“Ž๐“๐’ท1
mature (e.g., fruit and grain)๐“Š๐“Ž๐“Š๐’ท 6
meeting of a group of people to converse๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ท2 2unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2
moon (used in phrases such as "east door, west moon" [a way of running peyote meetings]}๐“€๐’ปอ˜1 2
mother-in-law (husband's mother) (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 3unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
mother-in-law (husband's mother) (my)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 4unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
mother-in-law (husband's mother) (your)๐“๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐’ผ๐“‚
mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter)*๐’ผ๐“‚ 4
mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (his/her)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 9unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (my)๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 10unspec. comp. form of๐’ป-2*๐’ผ๐“‚
mother's cousin (mother's mother's brother's daughter) (your)๐“๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 5unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-1*๐’ผ๐“‚
N n
nephew (brother's son) (his/her)
nephew (brother's son, of a female)*๐“Š๐“‚๐“‡๐’ผ๐’ฐ 3
nephew (brother's son, of a male)*๐““๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐’ท 2
nephew (sister's son, of a female)*๐““๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐’ท 3
niece (brother's daughter, of a male)*๐““๐“‚อ˜๐’ผ๐’ท 2
niece (sister's daughter, of a female)*๐““๐“‚อ˜๐’ผ๐’ท 3
niece (sister's daughter, of a male)*๐“Š๐’ป๐““๐“‚ 2
noise
not (negative, negator)๐’ฐ๐““๐’ป
not anything but๐“๐’ฐ1 5
not anything else than๐“๐’ฐ1 4
O o
on or with one's foot or feet๐“๐’ฐอ˜- 1
on the way or path to a certain point๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ1 2
one's own (suus prefixobject belongs to or is related to the subject)๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-1
only to a limited degree or barely representative amount๐“ˆ๐“‚2 3
ooze, as pus from a boil
open (e.g., a door, a window, the lid on a box)๐“๐“Ž๐’ฐ๐“’๐’ทunspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
Osage (tribe, tribal member, or language)๐“๐’ฐ๐““๐’ฐ๐““๐’ท
P p
pass something to someone (e.g., at the table)๐’ผ'๐“Ž 3
path
patter, as rain๐“๐’ท2 2
Pawnee (tribe or tribal member)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ปอ˜ 2
pawpaw (the plant, not the fruit)๐’น๐’ปอ˜๐“Š๐’ท ๐’น๐“Žunspec. comp. form of๐’น๐“Ž1Asimina triloba
place at which๐“‚- 2
place inside of๐“‚๐’ฟ๐’ฐอ˜ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“‚-
place vertically against๐’ฐ๐’ฟ๐’ฐอ˜ 1unspec. comp. form of๐’ฐ-2
plant or sow (e.g., seed in the ground)๐“‚๐““๐“Ž 4
pluralizer of 1st or 2nd persons ('we', 'us', 'you')-๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ป 1
pluralizer of 3rd person-๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ป 3
pluralizer of imperative-๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ป 2
ponytails (two sections of hair, one gathered from left and one from right side of the head, bound close to the scalp, and hanging loosely)๐’น๐’ท๐“๐“‚อ˜๐“„๐’ฐ 2unspec. comp. form of๐’น๐’ท1๐“๐“‚อ˜๐“„๐’ฐ
positional article for a plural entity in nonrandom arrangement๐“„๐’ท1
positional article for a singular animate standing entity (usually not the subject of a verb describing action)๐“ˆ๐“๐’ฐอ˜ 3
positional article for a singular moving entity๐“๐’ท1 1
positional article for dispersed, scattered, or randomly located entities (modifies noun or noun phrase)๐’ผ๐’ท2 1
positional article for plural nonsubject๐“„๐’ฐ4
positional article for plural sitting nonsubjects (those that would take thiโฟkshe when singular)๐“Š๐’ท1 4
positional article for standing inanimate singular nonsubject (also used for intangible entitiese.g., heart attack, song, pain)๐“Š๐’ท1 3
possessive morpheme*๐“ˆ๐’ฐ
pour or serve liquids or small solids such as beans๐“‚๐““๐“Ž 2
punch or saw off a piece of an objectreferring to what was never stuck on, but was always part of the object๐“„๐’ฐ๐“‡๐“„๐’ท2 1unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1*๐“‡๐“„๐’ท
push someone or something steadily (making the person or object move along)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐“‚๐“๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1๐“๐“‚๐“๐’ท
push to awaken or make active๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ป 1unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1
Q q
R r
reflexive prefixoneself, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2 1
reflexive prefix with benefactive interpretationfor oneself, for myself, for yourself, for himself, for herself, for itself, for ourselves, for yourselves, for themselves๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2 2
related to the ground or the earth๐“€๐’ฐอ˜1
remove, take down (e.g., from a shelf or the back of a truck)๐“๐“Ž๐“๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ปอ˜ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
right there where you are๐“‡๐’ท๐“๐“‚อ˜ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ท2
road, highway, thoroughfare, route, path, pathway, orbit๐“‚๐““๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ท
roar or patter frequently๐“๐’ท๐“๐’ท 1unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ท2
roar, as running water๐“๐’ท2 1
room (in the sense of an unoccupied area)๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐอ˜1 2
rough (e.g., chapped hands or any rough surface)๐“๐’ฐ๐“๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ฐ
round, as a pencil, stove pipe, etc.๐’ด๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ 14
run, flow or emerge from (as a liquid)๐“†๐“ˆ๐“‚๐“๐’ท
S s
say the name of something or someone๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท2 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-1
score or point(s) in a game๐“„๐’ฐ๐“’๐“‚2 2
sentence-final marker for command to singular addressee๐“๐’ป2
set out on or undertake a new task under one's charge๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“‡๐’ฐอ˜2 4
shiny and smooth (as a lake surface)๐“‡๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐’น๐’ฐ 1
show someone how to do something๐’ผ๐“‚อ˜๐“’๐’ท1 2
sing dancing songs
sister (older, of a female)*๐““๐“‚อ˜๐’ฐ
sister-in-law (brother's wife, of a male)*๐’น๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ฐ 2
sister-in-law (husband's sister, older or younger) (her)๐“‡๐’ป๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐอ˜ 3
sitting singular animate or inanimate positional article (follows a noun or pronoun [usually not the subject of a sentence] that represents a singular sitting entity or singular round entity)๐“๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท 1
skin of an animal๐’น๐’ฐ1 8
skirt with ribbon work or other decorations๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท1 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-3
skirting the edge (such as cows around a pond)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐“๐’ท 12
sleep on
slivers or small strips of anything๐’น๐’ปอ˜2 5
smoothed out (e.g., icing on a cake, a fabric or tablecloth lying flat on a surface, but not a blanket on a bed or pallet)๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“๐’ฐ 4
solicit, petition, or beg for something from someone๐“๐’ฐ๐“ˆ๐’ฐ 5unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-3๐“ˆ๐’ฐ3
son-in-law (daughter's husband)*๐“ˆ๐“‚อ˜๐“Š๐’ท
son's wife
speak a language๐’ป๐’ท 8
spread, spread out, as a cloth๐“๐’ป๐’ด๐’ฐunspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3
squashed, deflated (e.g., an object that formerly contained something)๐“ˆ๐“‚๐““๐’ท 2
stab a person or animal, running the knife or spear to the hilt, making a thud๐“„๐’ฐ๐“„๐“๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1๐“„๐“๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ท
staff used at peyote meetings๐“€๐’ฐอ˜2 2
stoop over (a little)๐“„๐’ฐ๐’ผ'๐“‚ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“„๐’ฐ-1
stoop over (as to touch one's toes)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“Š'๐’ปอ˜ 1
stop, cause to stop (e.g., a motor or something engaged in an activity)๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐““๐’ปอ˜ 8
straight or flat, as the top or edge of a box's side, the narrow edge of a plank, etc.๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“๐’ท 3
straight, as a line on a stove-pipe, or other long cylindrical body๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“†๐’ผ๐’ฐ 3
straight, as the hypotenuse of an inclined plane, or the side of a hill๐’ด๐’ฐ๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท 1
strike, beat, or hit an object๐“‚๐“Š๐’ปอ˜
subject marker (follows a subject [singular or plural that is moving or is not present with speaker)๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2 1
subject marker (follows a subject [singular or plural] that is not moving, including dead nonhuman animates [apa is used for dead humans] and is present with speaker or is an abstract entity)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ2 1
suppurate
T t
tail dancer at Osage War Dances๐“†๐’ปอ˜๐“Š๐’ท 3
take as a sexual partner๐“๐“Ž๐“๐’ท1 4unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
take care of or handle something specific for someone๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“‡๐’ฐอ˜2 1
take charge of, undertake, supervise or have the responsibility for something specific in response to a formal request (e.g., taking care of the food for an event)๐“‚๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“‡๐’ฐอ˜2 2
take someone's side (as an attorney at law argues on behalf of a client)๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ท 5unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2
talk up or talk down, as when expressing one's emotions with respect to some topic๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐’ผ๐’ป๐’ผ-2
terminate ongoing activity preparatory to departing๐“๐’ฐอ˜๐““๐’ปอ˜ 6
test entry 1
test entry 2
that (near you)๐“‡๐’ท1
that one (thing or person in motion or deceased) near you๐“‡๐’ป ๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ 1unspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ป1๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2
that one moving (animate or inanimate)๐“‡๐’ท ๐“๐’ทunspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ท2๐“๐’ท1
that one near you๐“‡๐’ท2 6
that, the aforesaid๐“๐’ท1 3
the (abstract object)๐“Š๐’ท1 2
the (sitting curvilinear object)๐“๐’ฐอ˜
the (standing inanimate or animate object)๐“Š๐’ท1 1
the most recent (used of units of time)๐“Š๐’ท3 2
the one moving subject๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2 3
the reclining animate object๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท 1
the sign of the plural subject of an action performed of their own accord, and not by request or permission of another๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2 2
the singular or collective subject of an action, which is performed of his or her own accord, and not by request or permission of another๐’ฐ๐’ผ๐“๐’ฐ2 3
the sound produced by the striking of a bell๐’ผ๐’ฐ๐“€๐’ฐอ˜ 3
the standing animate object๐“ˆ๐“๐’ฐอ˜ 2
the third daughter (special kinship term)๐“†๐’ป๐’ผ๐’ท 2
them
there (closer to the hearer than to the speaker)๐“‡๐’ท2 3
third person sitting continuative aspect marker๐“๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท 8
this one (animate or inanimate [may apply to abstract entities], emphatic or expressing certainty or immediacy)๐’ผ๐’ฐ 5
those ones (in motion or deceased) there (near you)๐“‡๐’ป ๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ป1๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2
those things (sitting or round items)๐“‡๐’ท ๐“Š๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐“‡๐’ท2๐“Š๐’ท1
through (an action represented by the verb stem)๐’ป-1 4
through (direction)๐’น๐’ฐ2 1
to (something upright or vertical, singular)๐“Š๐’ป3 2
U u
uncle (father's sister's husband)*๐“ˆ๐’ฐอ˜๐’น๐’ฐ 1
uncle-in-law (wife's maternal uncle)*๐“Š๐’ป๐’ผ๐“‚ 7
use a name for something or someone๐“๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท2 7unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ฐ-1
used for respect with deceased persons even if present (akxa is used with animals)๐’ฐ๐“„๐’ฐ2 1
V v
W w
wad up or wad together (e.g., clothing at the back of the neck)๐“๐’ป๐“†๐’ผ๐’ป1 3unspec. comp. form of๐“๐’ป-3
wash (e.g., dishes, parts of the body, food items, a car)๐“๐“Ž๐““๐’ฐ 2unspec. comp. form of๐“๐“Ž-
watch, tend, take care of (e.g., some entity, such as a baby or a purse, or some process, such as cooking๐’ฐ๐“ˆ๐“‚อ˜๐“„๐’ท 2unspec. comp. form of๐’ฐ-2๐“ˆ๐“‚อ˜๐“„๐’ท
we (on adjectives)๐“๐’ฐ-2
wear on the head, put on the head, don as a hat๐“‚๐’ฟ๐’ฐอ˜๐’ผ๐’ท2 1
well (often precedes a statement or command)๐’น๐’ฐ3
western tribe or tribal member (refers to any tribe from the western United States)๐“„๐’ฐ๐“๐’ปอ˜ 4
what kind, what sort, what type, what class of (interrogative)๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐“ˆ๐’ฐอ˜1 7
what, whatever (indefinite or relative)๐“ˆ๐’ฐ๐“ˆ๐’ฐอ˜1 6
wheat bread
wherein (a certain thing takes place)๐“‚- 4
wide and smooth, as a prairie๐’ด๐’ฐ๐“๐’ฐ 3
wobble or teeter (e.g., a glass when jarred or bumped)๐“†๐’ป๐“†๐’ป๐’ฐอ˜๐“๐’ท 3
wrap one's arms around๐’ฐ๐“Š๐’ท 4
Y y
you are characterized by [the preceding expression, which may be a noun phrase]๐“๐’ปอ˜๐’ผ๐“‡๐’ท 2
you are/were a certain way or a certain thing๐“๐’ปอ˜3 2
you are/were characterized by a quality๐“๐’ปอ˜3 4
you live(d) or exist(ed) as๐“๐’ปอ˜3 3
Z z
zenith๐“€๐’ฐอ˜๐“‡๐’ป 3